READ MAGNIFICENT!! THEORETICAL DERIVATION OF THE CHARGE OF QUARKS FROM VEDAS:
It>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/a... is generally assumed that atoms are charge neutral - with protons and electrons having equal and opposite charges. While the charge of electron has been measured in oil drop experiments; the charge of a proton has not been directly measured, as it could not be isolated. Though this can explain atoms, it cannot explain molecules as charge neutral atoms could not be held together. When neutrons were discovered, it was assumed to be charge neutral. The equation of Coulomb’s law does not apply to interaction between a charged body like proton or electron with that of a charge neutral body. This would make the atom unstable. Experiments have put a non-zero electric charge on neutrons, which has been measured and found to be qn = (-1.5~2.2) x 10^-20 electron charges . Particles have a weak charge, analogous to the electric charge that describes a particle’s propensity to have weak interactions with other particles. This weak charge is predicted by the Standard Model to be about -0.989 for neutrons, about -0.071 for electrons and about +0.071 for protons, as measured in elementary charge units (Source: Jefferson Accelerator Laboratory). Similarly, charge of electrons and protons are found not to be equal. The upper limit to the electron proton charge difference is (0.8 ± 0.8) 10^−21 e (Physics Letters B, Volume 137, Issues 5-6, pages 439-442 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(84)91752-0).
Since Coulomb’s law says that equal charges repel, the concept of binding energy had to be postulated to explain the presence of multiple protons in the nucleus. But this does not explain the residual negative charge of neutrons and how they are held within the nucleus. When quarks were discovered, their charge was assumed to be + 2/3 and – 1/3 through indirect evidence as they cannot be isolated due to confinement. Till date the values of these charges and the value of alpha, the fine structure constant (that gives the strength of the electromagnetic charge), have only been experimentally measured indirectly. There is no theory to derive these values.
We have theoretically derived the charge of quarks according to Vedas and found that the modern value contains an error element of 3%. Instead of + 2/3 and – 1/3, the charges would have to be +7/11 and -4/11 respectively. This would explain the slight residual negative charge of neutrons. It will make the atom charged - with a residual negative charge. But being directed towards the nucleus, it would not be apparent in measurement from outside. Rather, this way it would hold the atom together without the need for any extra binding energy. We have also theoretically derived the value of fine structure constant alpha from the Vedas, which is 7/960 (1/137) at the ground level and 7/900 (1/128) at the Z-boson, i.e., 90 GeV level. These are close to the modern experimental values as shown below.
Though about 200 sub-atomic particles have been catalogued by the Standard Model of particle physics, there are only 17 known fundamental particles including the so-called Higgs boson (which belongs to a different class). However, if we consider the color charges separately and include the anti-quarks and anti-leptons, the number goes up to 61 (48 fermions and 13 bosons including 8 gluons). There are no anti-bosons, as they are energy particles. The above list does not include force carriers for gravitation. Veda puts this number at 33, as explained below.
According to ऋग्वेदः 1-45-2 (also शुक्ल यजुर्वेदः - त्रयत्रिंशत् वै देवाः), the total numbers of quantum particles are only 33, which give rise to 3306 other particles. The 33 are 8 वसु (8 अग्निम् of तैत्तिरीय आरण्यकम् 1-8, also the same as the 8 gluons of the Standard Model of Particle Physics), 11 रुद्र (varieties of electromagnetic radiation) and 12 आदित्य (आददानां याति- stellar radiating bodies from stars to globular clusters to galaxies that radiate photons) besides 2 अश्विनौ. According to तैत्तिरीय आरण्यकम् 1-8, the 11 रुद्र are ‘महादेवाः’ and ‘गन्धर्वगणाः’ called ‘स्वानभ्राट्’ etc. According to the definition ‘गन्धर्वाः सोमरक्षकाः’, and their characteristic (सुषिर), these provide magnetic moment to the particles. According to प्रश्नोपनिषद् 3-8, the 12 आदित्याः are the forces that reach out externally - ‘वाह्यप्राण’ - that radiate out and make objects observables - ‘चाक्षुषं प्राणमनुगृहाणः’ (also तैत्तिरीय आरण्यकम् 1-7). The अश्विनौ pair represents the two spin states of Standard Model. Of the 33, only up to 21 अहर्गण (एकविंशस्तोम) belong to nucleus (अग्नि) that moves outwards from the center indicating positive charge. The rest are the opposite (सोम) moving in from periphery to center (पृष्ठ्यस्तोम), indicating negative charge. According to योगकुण्डलिन्युपनिषद् – 3/7, confinement is the state between अग्नि and सोम (चन्द्रर्कमध्यस्था शक्तिर्यत्रस्था तत्र बन्धनम्).This makes a band of three-fold structure which शतपथब्राह्मणम् 14-8-4-1 and 14-8-5-1 describe as प्रजापति or हृदयमम. These, according to गोपथब्राह्मणम्, are the central mass (ऋक), the intra-nucleic field (यजुष्) and the energy levels (साम). These make up the protons and neutrons. Thus, according to ऋग्वेदः, the magnitude of positive charge of quarks, which are त्रिवृत्, is +21/33 or +7/11. That of the negative charge component is -12/33 or -4/11. The 3% difference from modern value can explain observations described earlier. This is better than the modern value.
Now we will give evidence in support of the above interpretation. The atomic nucleus is a stable structure. Thus, the total mass of the nucleus or the atom should be same as or more than its constituents. It is known that the observed atomic mass of all know isotopes (except oxygen) is always less than the sum of the masses of nucleons and electrons present in them. This difference is called mass defect and is expressed in atomic mass units. For example, let us consider the helium atom, which is most abundant in the universe after hydrogen atom, and since hydrogen in its natural state does not have a neutron. The calculation below is not exact, but approximate. However, since most calculations in atomic level are not exact (for example, the electron orbit is not exactly circular or the value of π could be more precise, etc), it will not materially affect the outcome. The pure natural helium atom consists of 2 protons, 2 neutrons and 2 electrons.
Mass of 2 protons = 2 x 1.00785 a.m.u = 2.01516 a.m.u (1 a.m.u = 931.5 MeV).
Mass of 2 neutrons = 2 x 1.00893 a.m.u = 2.01786 a.m.u.
Mass of 2 electrons = 2 x 0.000543 a.m.u = 0.001086 a.m.u.
Thus, the total expected mass of helium atom should be: 4.03410 a.m.u.
However, the observed mass of helium atom is: 4.00390 a.m.u.
Difference between the expected mass and actual mass of one helium atom is: 0.03020 a.m.u. This difference could be 1 unit (a.m.u.) in 1/0.03020 or a little over 33 helium atoms. The excess over 33 will be explained later. The mass defect multiplied by the a.m.u is said to give the binding energy. Thus, to put it differently, the binding energy of helium nucleus is about 1/33 of one a.m.u. If we discard the hypothetical concept of binding energy, then stability of the atom can be described by this 1/33 of the mass difference or average atomic mass unit is a little over 33 times of this difference. This proves the Vedic concept, where 17th or सप्तदशस्तोम is the fulcrum (यूप), and the अहर्गण after reaching 33 reverses (from पुराण गाहर्पत्य to नुतन गाहर्पत्य), making it a closed and stable unit.
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